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Du
Xinwu: A Legendary Wushu Hero
Du Xinwu (1869-1955), a wushu master of nationwide renown, is
said to have once served as a bodyguard to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, leader
of the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Many stories, either true or
fictitious, have been told about his superhuman abilities and chivalrous
exploits. Here is one narrated by Wan Tianshi, a close friend of
Du's. Although here and there tinged with exaggeration and mysticism,
as is characteristic of all legends about popular historical figures,
it brings out the image of a noble-minded wushu maestro in old
China.
To
the northwest of Cili County in the northwestern corner of Human
Province, the high mountains rise one above another, with sheer
cliffs and deep ravines here, there and everywhere. In one of the
ravines lies Yanbantian Village. It was here that the renowned
wushu master Du Xinwu was born in 1869, the eighth year of the
reign of Emperor Tong Zhi in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).
Close
to Guizhou and Sichuan provinces to its west, Cili County was
where several minority nationalities lived. What with the corrupt
and incompetent rule of the Qing government and the exploitation
of the landlords, the people there could barely eke out a living.
What was worse was that the place and its surrounding areas were
infested with brigands. To protect themselves, the villagers took
up wushu, which became so popular that both the old, and the young
could wield the sword, spear or other weapons with great skill
and dexterity.
It was in these circumstances that Du Xinwu grew up. His father
died soon after his birth, and so his mother had to shoulder all
the household burdens. His bitter experience in life during his
early years made him a precocious boy with a strong personality.
Teachers of Supernatural Skills
Du
Xinwu started learning wushu after school at the age of six and
had picked up some of the fundamentals by nine. One day when
he was walking hurriedly to school along a narrow ridge in the
paddy fields, he saw an old man in front of him. Since only one
man could pass at a time, he called out: "Grand Uncle, can't
you walk faster? I'm in a hurry." "If
you want to get ahead, hold my braid tight. And remember, don't
relax your grip." The old man said this without even turning
his head. No sooner said than done, the old man lifted Du Xinwu
with his braid and, with a slight jerk of his head, landed the
boy on the ridge in front of himself. Impressed by the old man's
feat, Du stood there transfixed with amazement. "Why don't
you move on" the old man asked, "You
were in such a hurry just a minute ago." "I want to
learn wushu from you," the boy pleaded. "Please take
me on as your pupil." With that he knelt down before the old
man, but because the ridge was too narrow, he fell into the paddy
field instead. Moved by the boy's sincerity, the old man quickly
helped him up and consented to teach him.
The
old man was called Yan Ke. He was well versed in the Chinese
classics as well as in wushu, and his braid served him as a weapon
with the force of a bludgeon. For all his learning and abilities,
he chose to live in obscurity rather than seek a high official
post in the corrupt government. As he lived not too far away, Du
Xinwu went every day to the old master's house to learn the classics
and wushu from him. Within a year Du had made remarkable progress,
and no one of his age in the village could match his prowess
physically or intellectually.
As
Yan Ke was advanced in years, his health gradually failed. So
on the occasion of the Double Ninth Festival (9th day of the 9th
month by the lunar calendar) that year, the traditional day on
which young people in China go climbing mountains, he told Du to
follow the other kids to the nearby Mt. Gaizi which, he said, was
an "interesting and mysterious place."
The
mountain was not famous, but its scenery was quite beautiful,
with tall and straight pines and cypresses growing among boulders
of different shapes and camphor trees and red maples lining the
winding paths and on the fringes of the cascades. The kids were
romping on the mountainside when they came in sight of a building
surrounded by a high wall covered with moss. Filled with curiosity,
they walked around it but could not find a gate. They were greatly
puzzled, but few cared to fathom the reason fo5r it. Soon they
dispersed in different directions in quest of new adventures.
But Du remained behind, remembering his master's words about
an "interesting
and mysterious place." Then he saw a person jump out from
the other side of the wall and land in front of him. The stranger
was a Taoist priest in a long robe, with his hair coiled on the
top of his head. Du walked up deferentially and tugged at his long
sleeve.
"Are you a celestial?" he asked. Startled at being so addressed,
the priest answered haltingly, "I...I'm
just a mortal, a vegetarian, if that means anything to you." But
the little boy was not to be so easily dismissed. He pressed on. "If
you are not an immortal, how could you leap over that high wall?" "Well
kid, I've acquired the skill after long years of training," the
priest replied with a smile. "It's not difficult if you keep
practising. Practise makes perfect, you know." "Can I
do it?" Sizing him up, the priest answered: "Where there
is a will, there is a way." Beside himself with joy, Du went
down on his knees and kowtowed, saying "Please accept me as
your pupil." "You are Du Xinwu from Yanbantian Village, aren't you?" "Yes,
but how do you know my name?" "Your teacher Yan Ke told me." Seeing
that the boy was eager to learn, the priest willingly accepted him. Looking
at the high wall, Du asked how he could get in.
"It's easy," the priest said. "Just call me when you come, and
I'll carry you in and out over the wall. You'll be able to jump
over it yourself later on." "But my home is so far away," Du said, "can't I live here?"
Patting
him on the shoulder, the priest pointed at the green mountains
and said: "Do you know the proverb that a thousand-li journey
starts with the first step? Get up early in the morning and trot
all the way here every day. And, remember, don't eat anything.
I have spring water and wild fruits here for you. Later you'll
understand the importance of taking the first step."
A Bloody Nose
The old priest was an exceptionally skilled wushu master. Among
other things, he could sail effortlessly over high obstacles as
if his body were as light as a swallow. He had two spiral cones
of iron, each weighing 20kg. Wherever he went, he would take them
along, one in each hand, rubbing and pressing them with his fingers
incessantly. As time went by, the shape of these objects changed
beyond recognition and his hands and fingers were roughened into
iron claws.
One
day, while Du was practising wushu behind the wall, a stranger,
speaking in a northern dialect, suddenly jumped into the enclose
and, speaking in a northern dialect, asked for the priest. Du went
into the building to report the arrival of the guest. Annoyed by
someone interrupting his period of meditation, the priest walked
slowly to the courtyard and saw a tough fellow in his 40s. Judging
by his attire and bellicose look, the host figured that he was
most probably an outlaw who had come with malicious intent. He
politely greeted the stranger but was peremptorily cut short. "Your
castrated priest," the intruder said haughtily, "I've
come to challenge you to a trial of strength." Unperturbed
the priest said patiently: "I'm a monk and cherish
benevolence. I'm sorry if I've in any way offended you." "Bullshit!" the
man shouted. Without saying another word, he struck at the priest's
head in the manner of a "tier washing its face." The
priest dodged with a "sparrow hawk's sidespin." Discerning
the ruffian's superb wushu techniques of the Shaolin school, he
cautioned himself to be on the alert. "We bear no grudge against
each other," the priest said in a controlled
voice, "why should we fight?" "I hear you have supernatural
skills," bellowed the stranger, "and
no one can match you. Now I'd like to see what stuff you are really
made of." With
this he hit out another classic trick called "grabbing the
sun with both fists." Enraged by his big talk and aggressiveness,
the priest decided to teach the man a lesson. Dodging the unexpected
onslaught, he feinted with the posture of "scooping up the
moon from the bottom of the sea." Mistaking this to be an
attack, the stranger immediately sprang up so as to "press
down with the weight of Mt. Taishan." With lightning speed
the priest turned round and reached out his right hand in a gesture
of "dispelling
the clouds to pluck the star." Instantaneously blood gushed
out from the man's face. With a shrill cry, he fell over himself
and rolled on the ground with pain as he covered his face with
one hand. Then he sprang up and jumped over the wall as the old
priest looked on nonchalantly, without even bothering to go after
him. Then he threw something to the ground contemptuously. It was
the stranger's bloody nose! All the while Du Xinwu had been watching
with deep admiration at his master's valour. But the old priest
felt sorry that he had been forced to inflict injury on someone. "I've broken my vow not to hurt others," he said to the boy. "It'd
have been better just to help him realize his mistakes and mend
his ways than to hurt him. He must be a brigand who wants to occupy this hill.
I'm not afraid of him and his gang, but they might hurt you if I remain here.
So I'll leave here tomorrow on a tour of the country. You must keep on practising
every day. Please say goodbye for me to your teacher Yan Ke." The old master
left the next day and was never seen again.
A
few days later, the man who had lost his nose came at night with
a number of bandits to take revenge. When they could not find the
old priest, set fire to the building to give vent to their anger.
In Search of a Tutor
After
his master Yan Ke died of illness, Du Xinwu kept on practising
wushu by himself and when he was 13, he could not find his
match for miles around. Eager to further improve his skills,
he put up posters at market places with the following message: "Du
Xinwu, 13, Yanbantian Village, will recognize anyone who can
beat him in a bout of wushu as his master."
The
first one to come for a trial was a master of the low stance
style of tuquan boxing. However, the boy told him bluntly that
he had no chance whatsoever. "Don't brag, kid. Look at these," he said, brandishing his two fists
the size of two big bowls. "Big enough to pommel you to smithereens, you
see!" Taking a step forward, the tuquan master flung his fists at his
young opponent. Diminutive as his build was, the boy held his ground, quickly
bent his left leg a bit and swept his right leg sideways, sending the tuquan
master sprawling on the ground. The boy helped him to his feet, gave him some
traveling expenses and sent him away. After that, several others came to measure
their strength with the boy, but all proved to be no match for him.
Then
one day a certain person named Wang came to the village. He had
learnt wushu in the famous Shaolin Temple in Songshan, Henan
Province, and had a good command of the art. When he was told
about Du Xinwu's exploits, he decided to look the boy up, confident
that he could by all means beat this "teeny brat." Seeing
that the newcomer was no ordinary wushu master, the boy said politely: "I'm
just learning wushu. I put up the posters because I'm anxious to
find a teacher. Would you please show me some of your skills?" Wang
agreed and performed a set of wuzhanquan (Five-Bout Boxing). After
giving the demonstration, he in turn asked Du Xinwu to give a performance
of what he had learnt. The boy complied and executed some basic
routines. Wang praised him but pointed out that some of his movements
still needed to be improved. "He must be good. I should ask him to be my teacher," Du said to
himself and knelt down before the newcomer. "Get up, kid," said
Wang after a short pause. "I can't stay here, but I have a
man in mind for you -- an eccentric short fellow but a suitable
teacher for you. Be sure to treat him nicely when he comes." Half
a year later, the said eccentric came with a letter from Wang.
His surname was Xu. There was nothing particular about him except
that he was rather short. "Can such a dwarf be my teacher?" Du
wondered. Xu came from Guizhou Province. Since no one knew what
his real name was, he was just called Shorty Xu by others. It was
only out of respect for Wang that the boy invited Xu to stay in
his house. Several days passed, but Xu didn't make any move. The
boy couldn't help asking: "Won't you teach me something?" "I'm
just an ordinary man, what can I teach?" Xu snapped back.
Remembering Wang's instruction that he must not offend the newcomer,
the boy dared not press further. Then another fortnight passed
and still nothing happened. Getting impatient, the boy approached
Xu again. "I'm not a street performer," Xu said angrily, "and
I don't have anything to show you. If you won't let me stay here,
I'll leave right away." Afraid that he really meant it, Du
quickly offered his apologies. The boy practised every day by himself
while Xu sat on the threshold, looking on absently without saying
a word.
Half
a year passed in this way and still nothing happened. His patience
exhausted, the boy knelt down before Xu and pleaded: "Great
master, forgive me if I have offended you. Please teach me wushu.
I'll never forget you if I can make any improvement." This
time Xu didn't get mad, but motioned the boy to get up. "All
right," he said as he tapped his small-bowled long-stemmed
tobacco pipe. "Let's start with the inner-circle walk of ziranmen. Du
was first taught to walk in circles on level ground, with his
pace increasing gradually. Then he was taught to walk on stakes
fixed on the ground in the shape of a plum flower, with a 5kg
sandbag tied to each leg. "Ziranmen calls for the exercise
of qi (vital energy), Xu told him. "To
practise it you must always remain relaxed as you walk on the stakes.
While you breathe, let your qi sink into your abdomen."
Three
months later, the sandbags' weight was doubled, and Du made remarkable
progress. He could now guide the circulation of qi with his mind
and exert strength with its help. The training, however, was very
tedious and he was fed up with the endless repetitions of circle-walking.
So he asked Xu to teach him something new. His master reproved
him for his impatience and said: "The exercise
is very important. It coordinates the body movements and footwork
with the mind and qi, thus laying a foundation for further training.
You should master it first before proceeding to acquire greater
skills." Du stared at his master, somewhat unconvinced. Reading
his pupil's mind, Xu said: "If you don't believe me, you may
tray a bout with me." "How?" Du asked, beaming with
joy. He had long wished to see how good his master was. Now that
Xu had suggested a bout, he was only too glad to do his bidding. "Try
to hit me."
Du cupped his hands and made a traditional courtesy before darting
forward to strike Xu on the head as fiercely as a tiger rushing
down a mountainside. For all his speed and force, Du's fists slipped
off as soon as they touched Xu's body. Then using the inner-circle
footwork, he dealt Xu more blows, only to find them going wide
of the mark. Charging at Xu for all he was worth, Du still failed
to hit his elusive master. Sweating all over, Du made a mess of
his footwork and was at a loss for better methods of attack. "Your
fists are too small," Xu teased the boy smilingly. "Go
and get a weapon to hit me with." Wiping off the sweat on
his face, the panting pupil took out two sharp swords and asked
his master to choose one. "I don't need any," said
Xu. "This pipe of mine is more
than enough for me." Looking at Xu's pipe, which was less
than a foot long, Du said apprehensively: "Master... what
if anything happens?"
"Don't worry. Neither swords nor spears can do me any harm. Just try your
best to cut me," Xu said in an assuring tone.
After
taking a a steady stance, Du let out a cry and made straight
for his master's head. The steel blade flashed in the sunlight
and fell on the square table where Xu had been sitting, splitting
it at the middle. When Du turned his head, he saw his master squatting
on a stool nearby, puffing at his pipe as if nothing had happened.
Xinwu swept his sword sideways several times, only to find his
master still on the stool unmoved. Then he charged without ceremony,
wielding his sword high and low, right and left. When he stopped
to have a look, he was surprised to see Xu still perched on the
stool, lighting a second bowl of his tobacco pipe. Throwing the
sword on the ground, Du went down on his knees before his master,
kowtowed three times and said, "Now I understand it is qinggong
(light-body technique) that has enabled you to dodge my sword." Xu
nodded approvingly.
From
that day on, Du paid more attention to the fundamentals of wushu
and practised "inner-circles walking" with a single
mind. Then he proceeded to practise qinggong. Xu first gave a demonstration.
With sandbags heavier than his own weight tied to his four limbs,
Xu leaped lightly on to the top of three tables piled one upon
the other, walked along the edges of the top table and then jumped
down to the ground without a sound. Under Xu's watchful eye, Du
trained all the year round without a letup. In this way his movements
and skills improved remarkably with time.
A Dangerous Mischief
It
was in the year 1885 when Du was already 16. Thinking that
his pupil had grown relatively mature in the martial arts and
needed to see more of the world, Master Xu decided to take
him on a tour of the adjacent Guizhou and Sichuan provinces.
At that time there were no highways leading to these parts of
the country and one had to travel on foot over the rugged land.
The master had no difficulty trekking on the tortuous trails
and he always had to wait for the boy to catch up with him. One
day they came to a deep ravine spanned by an iron-chain suspension
bridge. The boy was picking his steps cautiously behind his master
when an idea suddenly occurred to him. "Nobody can approach my
master in the front," he
thought in a playful mood. "Let me see how he'll react if
I feint an attack from behind," So he stole up and made ready
to give a kick on his master's buttocks. But so sooner had he raised
his leg than Xu swung around and caught it. "You naughty boy!" the
master shouted, letting go his grip. "This
is no place for you to fool around. You'll dash to pieces if you fall down
the ravine from the slippery planks!" When they reached
the opposite bank and sat down for a rest, Du told his master
what he had in mind. "Never
do such a stupid thing again," Master Xu admonished him in
a stern yet kindly voice. "A real wushu master never attacks others on
the sly." The boy nodded in embarrassment, almost on the
verge of tears. After a short silence, he waxed inquisitive
and raised the question. "But
how did you know when I gave the faint attack? You haven't got
eyes on the back of your head!" "It's the combination
of yi (mind_ and qi, obtained after long years of practice, that
did it," said the master. "Among
other things, it fosters a quick reflex, which makes you highly
sensitive and enables you to react with speed to anything that
happens around you. This is what you lack. You must train hard
to acquire it."
Powerful Legs
Du Xinwu benefited greatly from his sightseeing trips in the company
of Master Xu and from his visits to renowned wushu masters. His
knowledge was enriched and his horizon broadened. Then one day
his master decided to part with Du and leave for North China to
visit his old friends.
"You have made great progress in your wushu techniques and I think you
can hold your own against adversaries," said Xu to his pupil. "But
don't think what I have taught you is the acme of wushu skills. You still need
to learn from the strong points of others. And always remain modest, for complacency
will get you nowhere. Be honest and fair, and always think twice before you
do anything."
Du
was left alone in a strange land, with no one to turn to for
help or guidance. As he began to run short of money, he decided
to find a job at one of the armed escort service centres. At
that time, robbers were rampant, and the travellers and merchants'
caravans needed armed escorts to protect them when they travelled
across the mountainous regions. As Sichuan was an important commercial
centre and a gateway to the vast southwestern parts of China,
the escort service centres did brisk business in the area.
Du
now had a rustic and skinny look resulting from a rough outdoor
life during his travels with his master. So when he applied for
a post at one of the escort service centres, the boss there didn't
take him seriously. "Excuse me, can't we have a trial of
strength?" Du plucked up courage
to make the suggestion. Piqued by the boy's challenge, the boss
who was a tough guy led Du to a training ground and asked him
to show what he had up his sleeves. After making a courteous
gesture, Du bent downward and with a powerful sweep of his leg
sent the boss reeling to the ground. Hardly had the boss struggled
to his feet when Du brought him down again with another sweeping
movement of his leg. Du's powerful and swift movements quite
amazed the boss. Knowing that he would be relentlessly knocked
down again if he tried to get up, the boss just sat on the ground
and said: "Oh my, you have exceptionally
powerful legs!"
Du
helped him up and apologized. "It's all right," the
boss said. "As the saying goes, people
get to know each other after a fight. I wouldn't know how good
you are if you hadn't demonstrated your skills." "Can
I get a job?" asked Du. "Of course." So Du Xinwu
became the youngest yet strongest guard at that escort service
centre.
The First Mission
Du's
first assignment was to escort several merchants with ten pack mules
carrying goods from Sichuan to Yunnan Province. That was in the year1887
when he was 18. All the way he was very cautious not only because this
was his first mission but also because his service centre would be held
responsible if there were any mishaps. When they came to the mountainous area
on the borders between Guizhou and Yunnan, he sometimes rode in the rear
to protect the caravan and sometimes moved up to the front to open the
way. One day they came to a cliff with pines overhanging the deep gully below.
As the going was getting pretty tough, they stopped for a rest. But
when Du leaned forward to look at the path down below, a robber
jumped out from behind a rock and rushed towards him with a dagger
in his hand. With his back to the sheer cliff, there was no retreat
for him. Taking a deep breath, he quickly dodged the blow and ran
his head into the robber's crotch. Then he straightened up and
with a jerk of his shoulders hurled the robber headlong down the
abyss. It all happened in the twinkling of an eye. The rumbling
of the falling rocks along with the boy scared away the other robbers
hiding behind the nearby rocks. The merchants reached their destination
safe and sound. Du's successful fulfillment of his first assignment
enhanced his prestige and the clients hired him again on their return
trip.
One
evening, the caravan stopped at a village and the merchants put
up in an inn near a hill facing a river. The innkeeper's wife,
a gaudily dressed middle-aged woman, was rather coquettish and
the attendants, too, were a bit sly and queer in their behaviour.
This aroused Du's suspicion. As it was already dark, there was
no choice but to stay for the night. When the others had gone
to sleep, Du put out the light in his room and, instead of going
to bed, sat on a chair, prepared for any contingency. He was
dozing off in the small hours when he heard someone prying open
the window and saw the flash of a sword in the dim moonlight.
Then the housebreaker crossed the windowsill and tiptoed down
into the room. Before he had collected himself, Du sprang forward
and gave him a powerful kick. Pinning him down on the floor and
grabbing the sword from his hand, Du kept a stranglehold on his
throat and roared: "Who
are you? Who sent you here?" His loud voice woke up the whole
inn. When the innkeeper came he put on an innocent and angry look
and slapped the intruder on the face, cursing: "You rascal!
How dare you do such a thing!" Then he apologized for
the unpleasant incident.
The inn was in fact a robbers' den and the boss was their ringleader.
He had sent one of his thugs to kill the escort. If he should succeed,
they would kill all the merchants and seize their money and goods.
If he failed, the boss would intervene and stave off complete exposure
with a few casual remarks. Now that the boss had apologized, Du
didn't want to aggravate the situation and was content to drop
the matter as long as they would not give further trouble. When
Du released his grip, the thug had already fainted away. He dropped
to the ground, with his face turned pale and saliva oozing out
of his mouth.
Outwitting the Bandits
Du Xinwu's reputation as a super wushu master soon spread throughout
southwest China. The robbers fought shy of the caravans when they
knew he was escorting them. One day he was travelling alone on
his way back to Sichuan after fulfilling an assignment, when he
saw a small newly-built thatched house on a hillside. He walked
up to have a closer look and found that it was a new inn run by
a notorious robber by the name of Li Laoda. On learning that the
guest was no other than Du Xinwu, Li rose to greet him and invite
him to his own room. The bandit was aware that if he could overcome
this peerless wushu master, no one could challenge his dominant
position in that region.
"Would
you like to see something?" He asked Du suddenly. Wondering
what the robber really meant, Du said casually: "I
don't mind." Rising from his seat, Li seized one end of the
bed with a single hand and moved it away effortlessly to reveal
a wooden lid underneath. Struck by his unusual physical strength,
Du judged that he must be a real master of qigong. When the bandit
tilted over the lid with his foot, the stench of blood assailed
Du's nostrils. Simulating indifference, Su asked what was inside.
He was told that there was a dungeon below and that stupid swine
who refused to comply were thrown in there to rot. Replacing the
lid, Li clapped his hands and several young women filed into the
room. Dressed differently, they all looked sad and depressed, telltale
signs that they had been abducted by the bandits. Pointing at the
girls, Li asked Du to choose anyone he liked. "If any of you
should dare to disobey my orders," he said to the
women, "I'll throw her into the dungeon to feed the poisonous
snakes." Du could hardly restrain his anger, but when he saw
that there were several big and strong guys in the inn, he decided
to outwit them and wait for the opportune moment to act. So he
pointed at one of the women at random. Li quickly pushed the woman
into Du's arms, which drew a roar of laughter from the thugs standing
in the doorway. Du led the woman to his room and, having made sure
that there was no one eaves-dropping outside, he whispered to her
to keep calm. Full of gratitude, the frightened woman fell to her
knees, but he told her to go to sleep while he sat up all night,
full ready for any eventuality.
The
next morning, Du thanked Li for his hospitality and expressed
his wish to be Li's sworn brother. Li was only too happy to agree
to this proposal. Du threw a party that evening to celebrate the
occasion. During the feast, which was attended by all the bandits
in the inn, Du toasted the health of his "sworn brother" again
and again until he and his thugs became dead drunk. He then went
back to his room to fetch an ancient sword and pretended to show
it to Li Being in his cups, Li mistook it for something nice
to eat. As he craned his neck to have a taste, Du lifted the
sward and slit his throat. The notorious robber fell down dead
on the floor without even uttering a cry. Then Du turned to give
the other eight drunk bandits a knock on the head to made sure
that they would not come to for sometime He took a bunch of keys
from Li's pocket, opened the room in which six women were locked,
and told them to find some ropes to tie the bandits' hands. After
locking up the bandits in a room, Du searched the inn, found
all the money and jewelry which the bandits had plundered, and
distributed them to the women to cover their travelling expenses
back home.
Having
escorted the women to a town from where they would each go their
own way, Du went to the county magistrate to report the death
of Li Laoda and the capture of eight bandits. His story seemed
to be too good to be true for the county officials had for years
failed to capture Li's gang. The magistrate wanted to reward Du
for ridding the area of a scandalous outlaw, but Du declined and
set off for Sichuan Province. During the years when he served as
an escort, Du Xinwu had encountered many distasteful phenomena,
which changed his outlook: the corrupt officialdom, the deceit
of the merchants, the illegal drug traffic, and the rivalry among
the escorts themselves.... While his exploits overawed the robbers,
his honesty and success alienated him from some of his colleagues.
Embittered by all this, he gave up his post as an escort and
returned to his home village in Hunan Province.
From
Martial Arts of China presents Grandmasters , Page
30
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